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Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Women in 2011 made no significant gains in winning more top US business jobs, according to a study, but he head of the study said women are poised to make 47 in the year ahead.
The number of women who were board directors, corporate officers or top earners at Fortune 500 companies remained 48 unchanged, said the study by Catalyst, a nonprofit group that 49 opportunities for women in business.
The percentage of companies with women on the board of directors was 15.1 percent this year, compared with 14.8 percent in 2010, Catalyst said.
Also, the percentage of corporate officer positions 50 by women was 15.7 percent in 2011 and 15.4 percent in 2010, it said. The percentage of top earners in 2011 who were women was 6.2 percent, compared to 6.7 percent in 2010, it said.
The research on the Fortune 500 companies was 51 on data as of March 31, 2011. The slight changes in the numbers are not considered 52 significant, Catalyst said.
Nevertheless, given the changes in U.S. politics, the future for women in business looks more 53 , said Ilene Lang, president and chief executive 54 of Catalyst.
"Overall we're 55 to see change next year," Lang said. "When we look at shareholders, decision makers,the general public, they're looking for change. "
"What they're basically saying is, 'Don't give us 56 of the status quo(现状). Get new ideas in there, get some fresh faces.'" she said.
A) officer I) essentially
B) changes J) strides
C) based K) promotes
D) positions L) statistically
E) more M ) confused
F) promising N) held
G) businesslike O) expecting
H) surveying
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Without regular supplies of some hormones our capacity to behave would be seriously impaired; without others we would soon die. Tiny amounts of some hormones can modify our moods and our actions, our inclination to eat or drink, our aggressiveness or submissiveness ( 顺从), and our reproductive and parental behavior. And hormones do more than influence adult behavior; early in life they help to determine the development of bodily form and may even determine an individual's behavioral capacities. Later in life the changing outputs of some endocrine ( 内分泌) glands (腺体) and the body's changing sensitivity to some hormones are essential aspects of the phenomena of aging.
Communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior were considered the exclusive province of the nervous system up to the beginning of the present century. The emergence of endocrinology (内分泌学) as a separate discipline can probably be traced to the experiments of Bayliss and Starling on the hormones
secreting. This substance is secreted from cells in the intestinal ( 肠的 ) walls when food enters the stomach; it travels through the bloodstream and stimulates the pancreas ( 胰 ) to liberate pancreatic juice, which aids in digestion. By showing that special cells secret chemical agents that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate distant target organs or tissues, Bayliss and Starling demonstrated that chemical integration can occur without participation of the nervous system.
The term "hormone" was first used with reference to secreting. Starling derived the word from the Greek hormone, meaning "to excite or set in motion". The term "endocrine" was introduced shortly thereafter.
"Endocrine" is used to refer to glands that secrete products into the bloodstream. The term "endocrine" contrasts with "exocrine (外分泌)", which is applied to glands that secrete their products through ducts (导管) to the site of action. Examples of exocrine glands are the tear glands, the sweat glands, and the pancreas, which secretes pancreatic juice through a duct into the intestine. Exocrine glands are also called duct glands, while endocrine glands are called ductless glands.
57. The author's main purpose in this passage is to__________.
A) explain the specific functions
B) provide general information about hormones
C) explain how the term "hormone" evolved
D) report on experiments in endocrinology
58. What conclusion can we draw from the passage?
A) The human body requires a large amount of hormones.
B) Synthetic hormones can replace a person' s natural supply of hormones if necessary.
C) The quantity of hormones produced and their effect on the body are related to a person's age.
D) The short child of tall parents probably had a hormone deficiency early in life.
59. The word "liberate" (Line 5, Paragraph 2 ) could be best replaced by __________.
A) emancipate
B) discharge
C) surrender
D) save
60. It can be inferred from the passage that, before the experiments of Bayliss and Starling, most people believed
that chemical integration occurred only__________.
A) during sleep
B) in the endocrine glands
C) under control of the nervous system
D) during strenuous exercise
61. According to the passage, another term for exocrine glands is__________.
A) duct glands
B) endocrine
C) ductless glands
D) intestinal glands
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?
Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity than to step out of uniform?
Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible ( 可减税的 ). They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.
Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.
Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.
62. It is surprising that Americans who worship variety and individuality __________.
A) still judge a man by his clothes
B) hold the uniform in such high regard
C) enjoy having a professional identity
D) will respect an elevator operator as much as a general in uniform
63. People are accustomed to thinking that a man in uniform
A) suggests quality work
B) discards his social identity
C) appears to be more practical
D) looks superior to a person in civilian clothes
64. The chief function of a uniform is to __________.
A) provide practical benefits to the wearer
B) make the wearer catch the public eye
C) inspire the wearer's confidence in himself
D) provide the wearer with a professional identity
65. According to the passage, people wearing uniforms __________.
A) are usually helpful
B) have little or no individual freedom
C) tend to lose their individuality
D) enjoy greater popularity
66. The best title for this passage would be __________.
A) Uniforms and Society
B) The Importance of Wearing a Uniform
C) Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform
D) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms
答案及解析：
Part IV Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)
Section A
【参考译文】
一项研究报告显示，2011年美国女性在获得商界高管职位方面没有取得明显进步，但研究的负责人称明年女性已准备好取得[47]进展。由[49]促进女性在商界的职业发展的非赢利机构Catalyst所做的这项调查指出，“财富500强”企业的董事会和管理层成员或高薪员工中女性的比例[48]基本没有变化。Catalyst称，今年l5.1%的公司董事会中有女性成员，去年这一比例为14.8%。此外，2011年公司的管理层职位中有15.7%由女性[50]担任，2010年为l5.4%。2011年高薪员工中女性占6.2%，而2010年为6.7%。对“财富500强”企业所做的研究是[51]基于2011年3月31日以前的相关数据之上的。Catalyst称，这些细微的数据变化[52]在统计学上意义不大。Catalyst机构总裁兼[s3]首席执行官史琳•朗表示，尽管如此，考虑到美国政坛的变化，商界女性的前景将会[54]改观。她说：“总的说来，我们[55]期待看到明年的变化。股东、决策者和公众都在期待改变。”她说：“大家都在说：‘我们不要[56]再维持现状，我们需要新的理念，新的面孔。”’【说明文：女性在商界高管和高薪员工巾所占的比例没有太大的改观】
第一段：提出结论——女性在获得商界高管职位方面没有取得明显进步，但前景看好。
第二至五段：用Catalyst机构调查得出的具体对比数据，说明女性在商界高管和高薪员工中所占的比例没有太大的变化。
第六至八段：Catalyst的总裁艾琳表示由于多种因素，商界女性的前景将会改观。
【答案解析】
47.J
语法判断：空格前为make，空格后为in the year ahead，因此应填入名词，且应与make形成合适的搭配。
语义判断：前文说：“2011年美国女性在获得商界高管职位方面没有取得明显进步，但……”从语义上的转折可以判断，此部分应是表达“明年女性会取得进展”，make strides既合语法，亦合语义，故J为正确答案。
48.I
语法判断：空格前为句子的谓语remained，空格后为unchanged。从语法上判断结构完整，因而要填入的应是副词。
语义判断：备选的副词有：essentially和statistically。从上下文语义判断，本句应意为：“在过去一年中，这些佘司的董事会和管理层成员或高薪员工中女性的比例基本没有变化。”essentially(基本上)符合语法和句意，故为正确答案。
49.K
语法判断：空格前为a nonprofit group that，空格后为opportunities for women in business。从语法上判断，that引导着一个定语从句，先行词为nonprofit group，作主语，空格处应填入动词，且应为第三人称
单数。
语义判断：备选项中的动词或可能用作动词的有。changes、based、promising、promotes、confused、held和expecting。promotes(促进，提升)符合语法和句意，即：“促进女性在商界的职业发展”。
50.N
语法判断：空格前为corporate officer positions，空格后为by women，因而应填入过去分词。
语义判断：备选项中的过去分词有：based、confused、held。比较可知held符合句意，即：“2011年公司的管理层职位中有15.7%由女性担任”。
51.C
语法判断：空格前为was，空格后为on data as of…，很有可能要填入动词的过去分词。
语义判断：备选项中的过去分词还有based和confused。based on为固定搭配，代入句中意思也比较通顺。本句意为：“对‘财富500强’企业所做的研究是基于2011年3月31日以前的相关数据之上的。”，故答案应为based。注意该空所在句中as of为固定短语，意为“截至”。
52.L
语法判断：空格前为：are not considered，空格后为：significant，句子成分完整，空格中应填入副词。
语义判断：备选项中的副词只剩下statistically，代入后则句子意为：“这些细微的数据变化在统计学上意义不大。”可见statistically既合语法，亦合语义，故为正确答案。
53.F
语法判断：空格前为the future…looks fit.ore。空格后为逗号，本空应填入形容词。
语义判断：备选项中的形容词或可用作形容词的有：more、promising、businesslike、confused。填入promising则句意为：“商界女性的前景将会改观”。promising修饰future已成为惯用的搭配，表示“未来是有希望的”，也即“前景乐观”。
54.A
语法判断：空格前为president and chief executive，可见空格处应该为职位。
语义判断：chief executive officer(CEO)为“首席执行官”之意，故本空选officer。类似的表达还有：chief financial officer(CFO)首席财务官;chief operation officer(COO)首席运营官等等，考生应该多加积累。
55.O
语法判断：前面是We’re，后面是to see…，很有可能应填入现在分词。此外，下文的when we look at shareholders，decision makers，the general public，they’re looking for change.也为我们解题提供了线索。
语义判断：备选项中是现在分词的还有：surveying和expecting，填入expecting符合语法，同时句意“我们期待看到明年的变化”也较为通顺。
56.E
语法判断：空格前为Don’t give us，空格后为of the status quo。应填入名词或形容词。
语义判断：由后文的“我们需要新的理念，新的面孔”我们基本可以判断该句的句意应为：不要维持现状。填入more，既符合语法也符合句意，故为正确答案。
Section B
Passage One
【参考译文】
【说明文：人体的激素】
第一段：激素对于人体的重要作用。
第二段：科学家贝利斯和斯塔林发现激素的过程。
第三段：激索、内分泌等术语的由来，以及外分泌与内分泌的关系。
【答案解析】
57.B
定位：根据题干信息main purpose in this passage可知解答本题需通观全文。
解析：题干问作者写此篇文章的主要目的是什么。A项“解释某种功能”不够全面，C项“解释‘荷尔蒙’这一概念是如何演变的”不是文章主要说明的内容，D项“报告关于内分泌的实验”也并非作者的目的。正确答案应为B项“提供有关激素的基本信息”。
58.C
定位：根据题干信息conclusion可知解答本题需通观全文。
解析：选项C的意思是“人体所产生的激素的数量以及它们对于人体的影响与人的年龄有关”，这与第一段最后一句话意思相近，原文提到：“成年以后，内分泌腺体产生不同的分泌物，身体也开始对不同的激素做出敏感程度各不相同的反应，这些都是人体成长或老化现象必不可少的方面。”可见激素的分泌的确与年龄有关。其他选项均在文中找不到依据。本题选C。
59.B
定位：根据题干信息“liberate”(Line 5，Paragraph2)可直接定位到第二段第三句。
解析：原文提到：“食物进入胃以后，肠壁细胞就会分泌出一种物质;然后，它在血液中流动并刺激胰 腺释放胰液，而胰液能够促进消化。”emancipate意为“解放”，discharge意为“释放”，surrender意为“投
降”。save意为“保存”。B项与liberate的意思相符，故为正确答案。
60.C
定位：根据题干信息before the experiments of Bayliss and Starling可将答案定位到第二段最后一句。
解析：该句提到：“贝利斯和斯塔林通过展示特殊的细胞能分泌出化学物质(它们通过血液进行传输，并能够调控远距离的目标器官或组织)，证明即便没有神经系统的参与，化学结合仍可能发生。”而且本段第一句也提到“直至本世纪初，人们依然认为，人体内各部分的交流以及后续的行为整合只能在神经系统里进行”，由此可见，在贝利斯和斯塔林的实验之前，人们一直认为这一切都发生在神经系统里或必须有神经系统的参与。故选C。
61.A
定位：根据题干信息another term for exocrine glands可将答案定位到文章末句。
解析：exocrine glands为“外分泌腺体”，文章最后一段提到，外分泌腺体所分泌的物质不是直接释放到血液里，而是通过导管输送到相应的部位，因此又叫管腺。在最后一句有明确的说明。解答本题需要将提到的各种术语清晰对照。
Passage Two
【参考译文】
【说明文：美国人对制服的推崇以及制服的优缺点】
第一段：指出美国人对于制服十分热爱和推崇。
第二至三段：介绍穿制服的好处。
第四至五段：介绍穿制服的一些不好的方面。
【答案解析】
62.B
定位：根据题干信息Americans who worship variety and individuality可将答案定位到第一段第一句。
解析：文章第一句即提到：“美国人因他们的多样性和个性而自豪，但他们很少对其他的事物像对制服这样热爱和尊重，不论是电梯操作人员的制服还是五星上将的制服都是如此。”可见，美国人虽然崇尚多样性和个性，但却将制服推崇到很高的地位。故选B。
63.A
定位：根据题干信息are accustomed to thinking that a man in uniform可将答案定位到第二段第二句。
解析：题干中的are accustomed to thinking与原文中的have become conditioned to expect同义，原文提 到：“对于一个穿着制服的人，人们已经开始条件反射式地期待上好的质量。”A项中的quality work为原文中superior quality的同义转述。故为正确答案。
64.D
定位：根据题干信息chief function of a uniform可将答案定位到第二段第三至五句。
解析：第二段在讲到制服的功能的时候提到，维修员、机械师如果穿着制服的话，比穿便服更能获得人们的信任。在最后一句又提到：“若要使护士、警察、理发师或者侍者的职业身份消失，还有比让他们脱下制服更容易的办法吗?”可见，制服最重要的功能就是给人一种职业的、值得信任的感觉，故选D。
65.C
定位：根据题干信息people wearing uniforms和题文同序的规律可将答案定位到第四段。
解析：第四段第一句提到：“在反对制服的观点中，首要的一条就是它们缺少变化，而且必须穿着制服的人们还会因此面临个性缺乏的问题。”第二句又提到：“穿着某一类制服的人一般只能穿一种，一成不变，直到退休。”可见，穿制服的人会失去某种自由和个性。故选c。
66.D
定位：根据题干信息best title for this passage可知解答本题需通观全文。
解析：文章第一段指出美国人对于制服十分热爱和推崇，第二、三段介绍的基本都是制服的优点，第四、五段介绍的则是制服一些不好的方面，故D项“制服的优缺点”能较好地概括本文内容，B和C项均不够完整，而A项不是文章讨论的主要内容。
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